Public Infrastructure Key Essay Example for Free

Public Infrastructure Key Essay The PKI is a set of hardware, software, procedures and people for the creation, distribution, storing and management of digital certificates. It also maintains the networking environment of an organization by providing management service which could enable digital signature capabilities. It also enabled the users of unsecure public network for exchanging and private cryptographic key pair in order to obtain and share a trusted authority between the management of an organization. For improving an organization, PKI includes use of digital signatures, certificate validation, and permission management service in order to implement a wide variety of enterprise solution within an organization. The implementation of certification authority is primary way of PKI in which it could benefit an organization and Information security department by providing public key and authority. In this way, both organization and Information security department is benefited from the implementation of user keys. The web of trust is the second way in which PKI provides an alternative approach of public key information for enabling the issue digital certificates for user, applications and devices of an organization and Information security department. Establishment of leverage certification authentication is the third way which benefits an organization and Information security department by maintaining an auditable database of users in order to secure privacy histories of Information security department. The development of Certification Authority is the way in which PKI could assist in the process of signing the company’s software by providing root of trust and services for the authentication of computers, individuals and other entities in a network. This is because, it saves certificate requests and issues certificates for signing the company’s software by means of saving the encryption keys in the certificate database for recovering the data loss of  computer’s softwar e. Consumer could believe that the software is to be authentic and because Certification Authority is valuable in authenticating software effectively. Consumer can get authentic software by the establishment of keys which are valid and trustworthy and in order to provide the assurance of software, it represents the people, system and process for the creation of digital certificates of software. For benefiting consumers, Certification Authority is having three kinds of information which are user’s name in the format of distinguished name, verification of user’s digital signature for software and encryption and verification of digital signatures of software. The public CA is considered as an accountable CA for any failure of PKI and on the other hand, in-house CA is integrated in Active Directory. The public CA would trust a digital certificate and in-house CA is performed upon its own tasks for simplifying the management of CA structure. The certificate management of public CA is lower than in-house CA. These are the positive characteristics of both public and in-house CA. The negative characteristics of public and in-house CA are that infrastructure of public CA is limited and it has less flexibility, in-public CA is more complicated and business partners would not trust in-house CA. When comparing both public and in-house CA, the Public Certification will be better in implementing within an organization and because Public CA provides effective self-registration, digital identities, enrollment services and PIN authentication than in-house CA. Public CA is a highly functional and trustworthy when comparing with in-house CA. Hence, PKI contributes the management of life cycle of digital certificates, profiles of administration for an organization and Information security department. References Vacca, Jhn R. (2004). Public key infrastructure: building trusted applications and Web services. CRC Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8493-0822-2. Adams, Carlisle Lloyd, Steve (2003). Understanding PKI: concepts, standards, and deployment considerations. Addison-Wesley Professional. pp. 11–15. ISBN 978-0-672-32391-1. TrÄ ek, Denis (2006). Managing information systems security and privacy. Birkhauser. p. 69. ISBN 978-3-540-28103-0.

Daedalus, momentarily stricken with jealousy Essay Example for Free

Daedalus, momentarily stricken with jealousy Essay Daedalus was a highly respected and talented Athenian artisan descendent from the royal family of Cecrops, the mythical first king of Athens. He was known for his skill as an architect, sculpture, and inventor, and he produced many famous works. Despite his self-confidence, Daedalus once committed a crime of envy against Talus, his nephew and apprentice. Talus, who seemed destined to become as great an artisan as his uncle Daedalus, was inspired one day to invent the saw after having seen the way a snake used its jaws. Daedalus, momentarily stricken with jealousy, threw Talus off of the Acropolis. For this crime, Daedalus was exiled to Crete and placed in the service of King Minos, where he eventually had a son, Icarus, with the beautiful Naucrate, a mistress-slave of the King. Minos called on Daedalus to build the famous Labyrinth in order to imprison the dreaded Minotaur. The Minotaur was a monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man. He was the son of Pasiphae, the wife of Minos, and a bull that Poseidon had sent to Minos as a gift. Minos was shamed by the birth of this horrible creature and resolved to imprison the Minotaur in the Labyrinth where it fed on humans, which were taken as tribute by Minos and sacrificed to the Minotaur in memory of his fallen son Androgenos. Theseus, the heroic King of Athens, volunteered himself to be sent to the Minotaur in the hopes of killing the beast and ending the human tribute that his city was forced to pay Minos. When Theseus arrived to Crete, Ariadne, Minoss daughter, fell in love with him and wished to help him survive the Minotaur. Daedalus revealed the mystery of the Labyrinth to Ariadne who in turn advised Theseus, thus enabling him to slay the Minotaur and escape from the Labyrinth. When Minos found out what Daedalus had done he was so enraged that he imprisoned Daedalus Icarus in the Labyrinth themselves. Daedalus conceived to escape from the Labyrinth with Icarus from Crete by constructing wings and then flying to safety. He built the wings from feathers and wax, and before the two set off he warned Icarus not to fly too low lest his wings touch the waves and get wet, and not too high lest the sun melt the wax. But the young Icarus, overwhelmed by the thrill of flying, did not heed his fathers warning, and flew too close to the sun whereupon the wax in his wings melted and he fell into the sea. Daedalus escaped to Sicily and Icarus body was carried ashore by the current to an island then without a name. Heracles came across the body and recognized it, giving it burial where today there still stands a small rock promontory jutting out into the Aegean Sea, and naming the island and the sea around it after the fallen Icarus.

Malaysia Economy And Relationship Of Fiscal Policy Economics Essay

Malaysia Economy And Relationship Of Fiscal Policy Economics Essay Our study investigates the importance of fiscal policy in economy of any country. There are a lot of variables that have relationship with fiscal policy and shows impact on economical growth. In our paper we have analyze the fiscal policy of Malaysia (Asian country) from 2010-2012 by referencing the past of Malaysia economy late in 1970s. Executive summary Fiscal policy describes two governmental actions by the government. The first is taxation and second action is government spending. This paper explores the stabilization properties of fiscal policy in Malaysia using a model incorporating nonlinearities into the dynamic relationship between fiscal policy and real economic activity over the growth cycle.  Government of Malaysia participation in the economy expanded further in 1980-82 as it pursued an expansionary countercyclical fiscal policy aimed at stimulating economic activity and sustaining growth to ride out the effects of the global recession. The countercyclical policy led to twin deficits in the governments fiscal position and the balance of payments. Malaysia ran persistent fiscal deficits throughout the 2000s, averaging just above  5% of GDP from 2000-05. By 2007, the fiscal deficit had fallen below 4%, but with the onset of the financial crisis, the collapse in growth and the ensuing fiscal stimulus measures, the defici t shot back up to 7.1% of GDP  in 2009 and  5.8% in 2010. In 2011 and 2012 Malaysia fiscal policy will help them to construct better options for rural areas development and their major income for government revenue is income taxes. our findings are supported by past literature on Malaysia economy and relationship of fiscal policy to other variables. Literature review Fiscal policy, the government decides how much to spend , what to spend , what to spend for and how to finance its spending (Abel et, al ; 2001). Fiscal policy is defined as change in federal taxes and purchases that are intended to achieve macroeconomics policy objectives (hubbard O Brien; 2010) There are two models imply regarding fiscal policy of a country in economic point of view. Standard Keynesian model imply that fiscal policy should be countercyclical when bad times hits the government spending should increases and lower taxes by government to help economy spend it way out of recession. If policy makers following Keynesian model then there will be business cycle a positive correlation between taxes and output and negative relation between government spending and output. the second models tax smoothing imply that fiscal policy should be neutral all over business cycle and only respond to anticipated changes that affect the government budget constraints. by following this model all correlation will essentially zero Barro (1979). The equilibrium approach to fiscal policy summarize by David Aschauer (1988) and Robert Barro (1989). The macroeconomics analysis effects of fiscal policy on economical growth because fiscal policy effects aggregate demand, the distribution of wealth and economy capacity to produces services and goods. Neoclassical approach emphasize on short term effect of different instruments of fiscal policy. Secondly, steady rate growth is driven by exogenous factor which are dynamics of population and technological progress. In Asian courtiers the growth performance observation viewed as: growth declined and become stagnant significantly since 1985 and government expenditures are not inhibits full exploitation of growth potential of Asian countries. Researched on theory and empirical literature shows effects of fiscal policy variables that are government expenditure programs and taxes on economic growth Gerson (1998). Survey focused that there is robust positive contribution of government expenditure ratio to growth Caseli et, al (1996). Abdullah et, al (2008) focused on Pedroni Cointrgartion method to show a long run relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth. Several studies examined effectiveness of fiscal policy and argued in Keynesian times that fiscal policy will increases disposable income ad raise the private consumption but some studies emphasize that fiscal policy can have non Keynesian effects. Feldstein Giavazzi Pangano (1982) give that idea and purpose that permanent government expenditure reduction may increase in income , thus increase current consumption and aggregate demand. With reference to Ireland and Denmark studies they found that contractionary fiscal policy may have expansionary results. Blanchard (1990) finds that the initial debt level has an important influence on fiscal policy effect. Sargent (1999) argues monetary policy can be constrained by fiscal policy, if fiscal deficits grow large enough to require monetization of government debt. This argument emphasize that monetary policy is not independent of fiscal policy decision of government. By tight fiscal policy holds by government we can easy run a non inflationary monetary policy but with persistent budget deficit spending it is not possible to run a non- inflationary monetary policy. Some researchers confirmed that there is relationship between fiscal policy and stock market (Arin et, al; 2009 , Afonso et, al ; 2011, silvia iqbal ;2011). Regarding this Malaysia the relationship between fiscal policy and stock market index analyzed. This study was concluded by using co integration test to detect the existence of long run relationship and also need VECM vector error construction model for short run existence. the finding indicates that fiscal policy tools plays an important role in accelerating financial performance in Malaysia. In the 1970s Malaysia government played a key role in economy. Malaysia economics performance was impressive in late 1980s as well as 1990s with real growth of 8% per annum. This growth was due to expansionary monetary and fiscal policies compounded by FDI. Malaysia economy was in financial crisis in 1997/98 and faced minus 4% in growth with fast depreciating domestic currency and liquidity. By stabilization measures the real output lifted an post annually of 5% 6% in 1998. As global economic constrained continued to persist the 1999-2003 budgets maintained an expansionary stance, with authoritys conscious of the need to maintain debt sustainability. The countercyclical fiscal policy implemented was effective in supporting economic recovery and sustaining domestic demand in 2001. Malaysia was able to record a positive growth rate by supporting effective fiscal policy. Federal government expenditure in Malaysia was allocated for 2 major purposes namely operation purposes and developm ent purposes. Operation purposes are for upgrading and improve productivity as well as for long term economic growth. The largest component of operating expenditure is emoluments, subsidies, supplies and services. By improving subsidies is to reduce of burden of society to poor and disadvantages groups. Allocating budgets for development purpose to upgrade rural areas and low income households which have significant role in sustaining growth. The government development expenditure growth is faster than operating which is 7.1 % compare to 8.5% for development expenditures. the main source of government revenue is tax collection and non- tax revenue to finance its expenditure to improvement for prospect of country as well. The income tax is major tax in Malaysia (economic report ministry of finance 2010-2011). In September 2011 the Malaysia credit rating slipping from A+ to A by providing an ominous sign. The Malaysia does not have track record of practicing fiscal discipline, as in two last decades the Malaysia gas had federal budget deficits even in good times of growth. Malaysias continually large government investments, spanning over more than a decade, are a rating constraint. In 2011 the second quarter was unhappy one for Malaysia as manufacturing sector growth rate of 2.1% against growth rate of 5.5% in the first half of 2011. Manufacturing sector was dealing in slumping demands for Malaysia exports from the US, Japanese and Europeans markets. Globally growth was expected to drop by 3.1% for 2011 and china was by 0.2%, under all situation Malaysia decision to increase approvals for manufacturing investment of MYR 16.4 million. For 2nd quarter of 2011 and it is stinking when comparing to 2nd quarter of 2010. Malaysia forecasted a growth rate of 5-6% for 2011 but it was 4-5% in 2011. The consequences of lack of fiscal discipline will surface should the global economy take a turn for a worse. First victim will be federal government deficit that is started from 2008 crisis in Malaysia. At that time debt to GDP ratio was 54%. Following the strong expansion in 2011, the growth of both private consumption and investment is projected to soften in 2012, as both income and capital expenditure in the external-related sectors of the economy are affected by the slower global growth. 2012 budget of Malaysia economy will support private consumption. The public sector will remain supportive with higher capital expenditure by both federal government and non financial public enterprise NFPEs on 2012. Fiscal policy in 2012 is geared towards stimulating domestic economic activity and providing support to the economic transformation plan. A challenge for the Government in 2012 is to continue providing support to domestic demand by aiming the weakening external sector while ensuring that the fiscal position remains sustainable. In this regard, greater emphasis has been placed in the 2012 Budget on generating growth through private sector investment and consumption. RM2.5 billion is allocated in the 2012 Budget under the PPP Facilitation Fund to facilities the private sector in initiating various catalytic projects. Secondly it wills Introduction of various tax incentives to facilitate the development of high-impact projects in targeted sectors. These incentives are provided for projects in Kuala Lumpur International Financial District (KLIFD), Iskandar Development Region (IDR) and other regional corridors which are expected to have large multiplier effects on economic activity. The t hird initiative involves attracting foreign investments and participation in the economy through further liberalization of the 17 services sub-sectors that allow up to 100% foreign ownership. This initiative is expected to enhance the competitiveness of the domestic services sector which has been identified as one of the key drivers of economic growth. The Federal Government fiscal deficit is expected to narrow from 5.0% in 2011 to 4.7% of GDP in 2012. Revenue collection is expected to improve and thus supported by better tax administration and higher compliance in tax submission and collection. Total expenditure continues to remain supportive of growth with an allocation of RM181.6 billion for operating expenditure and RM49.2 billion for development expenditure. With respect to fiscal policy of Malaysia, The Government continues to face the challenging task of striking a balance between fiscal consolidation and the need to support initiatives to transform the country into a high-income economy. The Government will remain committed to fiscal consolidation. A successful implementation of the ETP economic transformation programs and all other reform initiatives are expected to ensure sustainable growth which will enhance tax revenues, thus contributing to the efforts to strengthen the fiscal position of the Government. Conclusion This study examined some of the fiscal policy issues and challenges confronted by developing countries like Malaysia in using countercyclical fiscal policy to ameliorate the impact of the global financial crisis and revealed a rich diversity both in terms of the size and composition of fiscal stimulus and the challenges which are confronted.We concluded that fiscal policy is one of the most important instruments of government economic policy. The long run impacts of fiscal policy are not o theorical perspectives but also for implication of policy makers. A strong commitment to fiscal sustainability is very critical for macroeconomics stability as well to ensure a long term run growth for economy. By emphasizing its fiscal position Malaysia continuing enjoys the fiscal policy flexibility. Malaysia may not be maximizing the bang for buck of fiscal policy through policy ill discipline during boom times by expanding fiscal expenditures. The government, as part of the fiscal prudence poli cy, will closely monitor its spending. Over the medium term, its fiscal position will be consolidated as the economy recovers and is able to expand at its own momentum. The pace of consolidation will be guided by developments in external demand and domestic economic developments, with a focus on medium-term public debt sustainability considerations. The electoral-economic connection in Malaysia is strong, and elections are accordingly important determinants of fiscal policy choice in this rapidly developing nondemocratic state.

Joy of Cooking :: essays papers

Joy of Cooking A creative interest I have is cooking with pastries, seafood and poultry. Preparing food can be fun. All I need is just a little imagination and time. Pastries are dessert that are severed for special occasions and after a meal. Pastries are special due to the fact each one tastes and looks different. The creative format comes from the chef. Since I am the one who cooks in my house, I must prepare each dish tasteful and attractive. For example, I was thinking of a creative cake for my daughters&rsquo birthday. I decide to make her a choo choo train cake. The way I want to present this dish is by making it look like a toy train with zoo animals standing near by. The idea of this dish is to make the train look similar to the candy house in the story, "Hansel and Gretel". The first step was to add food coloring to the icing. She was excited. "Mommy, can I mix the colors?" Next, I decorated the cake board with grated coconut. I add green food coloring to the grated coconut. Jessica said, " Mommy, that looks like grass." Then, I decorated the carts of the train with different color icing. For example, I placed green, blue, and red icing on each of the carts. When I finished decorating the carts, I placed them on the black licorice train tracks. When I was finished with placing the carts on the track, Jessica and I arranged assorted candy all over the train. Another creative idea I had was to cook with the children in after school care at William Lehman Elementary. For example, I had decided to make an orange shake with them to celebrate Halloween. The first step I created, was to add orange sherbet ice cream. Next, I add cream soda to the float. When I was finished the shake, I placed one chocolate chip cookie inside of the float. Cooking creativy with seafood is another outstanding process. When cooking shrimp, I must prepare each shrimp to the procedure I want. For example, when preparing Chinese Fried Rice, I cook every item separately. For instance, this dish requires shrimp. This dish I peel each shrimp. Then I season the shrimp with soy sauce. Then, I stir fry them. When I cook this dish, I add everything in a bowl. Once the Chinese rice is cooked, I prepare the platter. For instance, I chop up green onions and place them around the Chinese Rice. Then I slice thin piece of oranges and locate then around the green onion.

A Reflection on My Writing Essay -- Personal Narrative Education Writi

A Reflection on My Writing The journey through language and literature has always been an intriguing one for me. It is for this reason that I chose English as my major. It seems that every teacher or professor that I have had, has always been able to pinpoint one specific element in my writing that I need to work on. This has not been a negative thing by any stretch, because with each passing semester there is an element of my literature that will be perfected for the next. This is the wonder that is English, and the reason for my passion in this subject area. In this class I have really learned to use a different level of thinking in my papers. Teachers often have complemented my ability to prove a point with the spoken word, but always offer advice when referencing my ability to compel by the written word. My first lesson in Literature was to bring myself down a level. I used to have an opinion, and write it, never citing or backing it up. My teachers taught me to incorporate others opinions into my own, explaining that until there is a credit to my name, no one is concerned about my opinion without someone credible backing it up. I took that knowledge and used it, learning to be an aggressive researcher, never resting until I have exhausted all sources. Then I entered introduction to literature 132, and this is where I had to learn to take that ability to the next level. There would be no more leaving quotes wandering, never introduced, or turning my paper into a commentary on someone else’s quotes. I learned to effectively use quotations and research, and still keep my Identity as a writer. This was a prodigious step, and one I will ever be purifying. â€Å"Write a Thesis driven paper,† this was by far... ...t express the wealth of knowledge that I feel that I have learned from this class. There seems to be so much more to learn, so many places we never had the chance to go; so much so, that I have opted to take your class again next semester. In the meantime, I will continue my passion for writing and literature in my life. I have been offered an editor position for the New Morning next year, and I am going to take that. I especially enjoy journalism; it is short and clever, full of rhetoric, and a pleasure for me to write. I will enjoy my time at school while no one else is there, and after swim practice, when no one else is around, I will most likely read a plethora of books. Maybe I will even get a jump start on American Literature. Until my next literature class, I will practice the concepts that I have learned every day, until they embody my very nature.

Mark Twain Essay -- essays research papers

Mark Twain, a Racist?Mark Twain was a man that was way ahead of his time. In a time when people were judged on color,Mark Twain grew up in Florida, Missouri (Mandelbrot, Twain). In Missouri and Louisiana combined there were less than one half a million white persons (Chang, Twain p. 21). Which meant the black population was abundant. While growing up Twain had no telegraph, no railroads, no stage lines of any consequence (Twain, www.marktwain.com). Also maps were scarcely ever found. So Twain didn’t really get to communicate with different people that were outside his little town. Twain was a sixth child so he had many siblings to look up too.When Twain was young he was kept indoors mostly because of his poor health. He stayed mostly in the house until he was about nine, when he seemed to recover and join the rest on the town’s children outside. Twain attended private school. He attended private school for the first time at the age of nine.Twain didn’t have very luxurious life growing up because his family was extremely poor. Because of his upbringing, Twain started believing that slavery was part of the natural order. Twain’s childhood may not have been luxurious but it was a curious childhood full of weird, fantastic impressions and many contradictory influences. Like his father never really being there for his kids. All of the children of that time were fond of the Negroes and confined in them. They would, in fact, have been lost without such protection and company. Slav...

What are the qualities of an effective employee? Essay

In recent times, companies have to very competitive. Many companies want to improve their productivity. When it comes to productivity, employee and management effectiveness is of the utmost importance so companies can make more profit and compete better against other companies. Therefore, this essay will explain the qualities of an effective employee and outline the way bosses can increase the employees’ effectiveness. There are several factors that can make employees more efficient. The first factor is welcoming criticism. This is something that a lot of people hate. Conversely, good workers like it more than hate it. For instance, excellent employees will think criticism from others can lead to solving problems (Simmons 2008-2010). In addition, Simmons (2008-2010) reports that good workers actively pursue other people’s opinion rather than avoiding them. The author goes on to say that good workers will listen to criticism from everyone even when they know the other worker dislikes and disagrees with them. The second factor is increasing self discipline. It can help workers to work more consistently and seriously. An example to illustrate this point is that effective workers should have high spirits anytime, even when they are not feeling stimulated and energetic (Simmons 2008-2010). In addition, they must work diligently even though they are in a bad mood (Simmons 2008-2010). Furthermore, Simmons (2008-2010) explains that they need to give the boss one hundred percent support all the time. The final factor is in tackling opportunities. Successful employees will not miss any opportunities because it is a good chance to show their ability. According to Simmons (2008-2010), excellent employees look at the weak points in their organization as an opportunity to demonstrate their ability and leadership with better results. In addition, opportunities can be anywhere in the workplace, so they need to keep thinking intelligently and creatively (Simmons 2008-2010). In short, a lot of things can make workers more effective, such as welcoming criticism, increasing self discipline and tackling opportunities. Therefore, employees choose to study certain subjects to improve their qualities and make them more effective. On the other hand, bosses can improve employees’ efficiency in certain ways. Firstly, bosses need to understand staff needs. For example, bosses need to have more connection with workers to make workers feel more valuable and feel that the company is like a good family (Smith 2006-2010). Moreover, Smith (2006-2010) reports that bosses can assign different type of tasks and make one day a week as casual dress day for workers because they need variety. Bosses can commend workers that have good qualities and award good workers because they need to feel appreciated in their job (Smith 2006-2010). Secondly, bosses need to know it is important to have a balanced lifestyle for workers. According to Smith (2006-2010), workers can overwork and neglect to look after their health. Thus, bosses should care about work timetables to make sure workers have adequate free time for leisure to relieve their stress (Smith 2006-2010). Furthermore, Smith (2006-2010) explains that bosses can encourage staff to seek their hobbies. Finally, bosses can be positive and enthusiastic around workers. An example to demonstrate this point is that bosses instill hope around workers because it is a positive guide for workers in the future (Smith 2006-2010). When sales are down, bosses can instill enthusiasm to raise sales so employees become more productive and effective (Smith 2006-2010). In addition, hope can push workers to pursue their goals, such as a higher position. In brief, managers need to know about staff needs, understand significance in balanced lifestyle and instill hope to improve employee’ efficiency. In conclusion, better workmanship can be affected by the qualities of employees and bosses using different ways to improve staff efficiency. These include listening to all opinions, improving self discipline and tackling all opportunities. On the management side the result can include recognizing workers needs, understanding the importance of a balance between work time and free time for staff and giving hope to workers. The business world is a highly competitive world. If workers are more effective, it can improve company competitiveness and survival strength. References Simmons, K 2008-2010, Seven habits of highly effective employees, The Black Collegian Career Center, viewed 2 February 2010, . Smith, LH 2006-2010, Three tips for improving employee effectiveness, Personal Best Consulting, viewed 15 April 2011, .